1000 + страниц текста

I. ACCUSATION/INDICTMENT .................................................................................................................................... 1 A. ALTERATION OF INDICTMENT .......................................................................................................................... 1 B. AMENDMENT OF ACCUSATION......................................................................................................................... 1 C. DEMURRER ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 1. GENERAL DEMURRERS ................................................................................................................................... 4 2. MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT ............................................................................................................... 7 3. MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL................................................................................................................................ 8 4. MOTION IN ARREST OF JUDGMENT ............................................................................................................. 8 5. SPEAKING DEMURRER .................................................................................................................................... 9 6. SPECIAL DEMURRERS...................................................................................................................................... 9 D. DISMISSAL See PROCEDURE – DISMISSAL , below ......................................................................................... 15 E. DUPLICITOUS/MULTIPLICITOUS ..................................................................................................................... 15 F. EVIDENCE SUPPORTING INDICTMENT See JURIES AND JURORS – GRAND JURY/JURORS, below .... 16 G. FORM OF ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 1. ALIAS See also subheading MISNOMER, below.............................................................................................. 16 2. CHALLENGE TO FORM See subheading DEMURRER, above ..................................................................... 17 3. CODE SECTION, REFERENCE TO ................................................................................................................. 17 4. CONSPIRACY – DESCRIPTION OF OVERT ACTS ...................................................................................... 19 5. DATE OF OFFENSE – DATE IMPOSSIBLE ................................................................................................... 19 6. DATE OF OFFENSE – DATE NOT MATERIAL............................................................................................. 20 7. DATE OF OFFENSE – DATE NOT SPECIFIC ................................................................................................ 23 8. DEATH PENALTY, AGGRAVATING FACTORS .......................................................................................... 28 9. DESCRIPTION OF ANIMALS .......................................................................................................................... 28 10. DESCRIPTION OF CHARGE/OFFENSE ..................................................................................................... 28 11. DESCRIPTION OF DRUG/SUBSTANCE .................................................................................................... 33 12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY STOLEN OR DAMAGED/OWNERSHIP............................................... 35 13. DESCRIPTION OF SEXUAL ACTS............................................................................................................. 37 14. DESCRIPTION OF WEAPON/USE OF WEAPON...................................................................................... 38 15. DISJUNCTIVE/CONJUNCTIVE ALLEGATIONS ...................................................................................... 40 16. ESSENTIAL ELEMENT NOT ALLEGED ................................................................................................... 43 17. GENERALLY................................................................................................................................................. 44 18. INCORPORATION OF OTHER COUNTS/ALLEGATIONS ...................................................................... 45 19. INTENT .......................................................................................................................................................... 46 20. LESSER-INCLUDED OFFENSES ................................................................................................................ 48 21. LOCATION .................................................................................................................................................... 48 22. MANNER IN WHICH OFFENSE COMMITTED ........................................................................................ 49 23. MISNOMER See also subheading ALIAS, above.......................................................................................... 54 24. PREDICATE OFFENSE................................................................................................................................. 55 25. PARTIES TO A CRIME................................................................................................................................. 57 26. PRIOR CONVICTIONS ................................................................................................................................. 58 27. STATUTE OF LIMITATION ........................................................................................................................ 58 28. SURPLUSAGE ............................................................................................................................................... 60 29. TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR ......................................................................................................................... 61 30. VENUE ........................................................................................................................................................... 62 31. VICTIM See also subheadings DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY STOLEN OR DAMAGED/OWNERSHIP and MISNOMER, above .............................................................................................................................................. 63 32. WAIVER OF INDICTMENT ......................................................................................................................... 65 H. MOTION TO QUASH/PLEA IN ABATEMENT, GENERALLY......................................................................... 66 I. REDACTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 67 J. RE-INDICTMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 68 K. RE-TRIAL ............................................................................................................................................................... 70 L. RETURN OF INDICTMENT.................................................................................................................................. 71 M. RIGHT TO INDICTMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 71 N. UNIFORM TRAFFIC CITATIONS........................................................................................................................ 72

O. VARIANCE............................................................................................................................................................. 74 P. WAIVER OF INDICTMENT.................................................................................................................................. 77 II. ATTORNEYS .............................................................................................................................................................. 77 A. APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL See also various subheadings under ATTORNEYS – RIGHT TO COUNSEL , below ................................................................................................................................................................................. 77 1. APPEALS/POST-CONVICTION RELIEF ........................................................................................................ 77 2. APPOINTED COUNSEL OF CHOICE See also subheading APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL – DISCHARGE OF APPOINTED COUNSEL, below ................................................................................................... 81 3. APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL, GENERALLY See also subheading RIGHT TO COUNSEL – DISCHARGE, below, for cases on requests to discharge appointed counsel .............................................................. 84 4. COST OF APPOINTED COUNSEL See also SENTENCING – ATTORNEY FEE RESTITUTION, below .. 85 5. DISCHARGE OF APPOINTED COUNSEL See also subheading WITHDRAWAL, below .......................... 85 6. FINDING OF INDIGENCE ................................................................................................................................ 87 7. PROBATION REVOCATION, APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL.................................................................... 89 B. ATTORNEY GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................ 90 C. BOLSTERING WITNESS CREDIBILITY ............................................................................................................ 90 D. CLOSING ARGUMENT......................................................................................................................................... 91 1. ABRIDGMENT/EXTENSION ........................................................................................................................... 91 2. ARGUMENT AFTER RE-CHARGE ................................................................................................................. 93 3. BOLSTERING See subheading BOLSTERING, above ..................................................................................... 94 4. CONTENT – APPEAL TO SYMPATHY .......................................................................................................... 94 5. CONTENT – ARGUMENT NOT BASED ON EVIDENCE ............................................................................. 94 6. CONTENT – BIBLICAL/RELIGIOUS REFERENCES .................................................................................. 104 7. CONTENT – BURDEN SHIFTING ................................................................................................................. 106 8. CONTENT – COMPARISON TO OTHER CRIMES/EVENTS...................................................................... 107 9. CONTENT – CONDUCT OF DEFENDANT/COUNSEL DURING TRIAL.................................................. 109 10. CONTENT – CONSEQUENCES OF VERDICT ........................................................................................ 110 11. CONTENT – DEATH PENALTY SENTENCING PHASE see also subheading CONTENT – FUTURE DANGEROUSNESS, below ...................................................................................................................................... 110 12. CONTENT – DEMONSTRATION See subheading CONTENT – ARGUMENT NOT BASED ON EVIDENCE, above .................................................................................................................................................... 112 13. CONTENT – DETERRENCE ...................................................................................................................... 112 14. CONTENT – FAILURE TO CALL WITNESSES/REBUT STATE’S CASE ............................................ 112 15. CONTENT – FAILURE TO TESTIFY/SPEAK TO OFFICERS ................................................................ 114 16. CONTENT – FUTURE DANGEROUSNESS See also cases under subheading CONTENT – DEATH PENALTY SENTENCING, above; Compare cases under subheading CONTENT – SAFETY OF THE COMMUNITY, below ............................................................................................................................................... 118 17. CONTENT – GENERALLY ........................................................................................................................ 122 18. CONTENT – GOLDEN RULE/VICTIM IMPACT ..................................................................................... 126 19. CONTENT – MISSTATEMENT OF LAW ................................................................................................. 130 20. CONTENT – MOTIVE................................................................................................................................. 131 21. CONTENT – PARDON, PAROLE OR CLEMENCY................................................................................. 131 22. CONTENT – PERSONAL OPINION OF ATTORNEY/COURT See also subheading BOLSTERING WITNESS CREDIBILITY, above ............................................................................................................................. 132 23. CONTENT – READING THE LAW ........................................................................................................... 135 24. CONTENT – REASONABLE DOUBT ....................................................................................................... 136 25. CONTENT – SAFETY OF THE COMMUNITY/”SEND A MESSAGE” Compare cases under subheading CLOSING ARGUMENT – CONTENT – FUTURE DANGEROUSNESS, above .................................................. 136 26. CONTENT – SENTENCING/POTENTIAL SENTENCE........................................................................... 139 27. CONTENT – VICTIM IMPACT See subheading CONTENT – GOLDEN RULE/VICTIM IMPACT, above 139 28. NOT EVIDENCE.......................................................................................................................................... 139 29. OBJECTION AND CURATIVE INSTRUCTION....................................................................................... 140 30. REBUKE OF COUNSEL ............................................................................................................................. 142 31. RECORDING ............................................................................................................................................... 142 32. RIGHT TO OPEN AND CONCLUDE See also WITNESSES – CROSS EXAMINATION , below ......... 142

E. CONFLICT NOTICES .......................................................................................................................................... 145 F. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST See subheading INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL – CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, below .................................................................................................................................................... 145 G. DISQUALIFICATION/REMOVAL ..................................................................................................................... 145 H. DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROLE OF See also subheading DISQUALIFICATION, above, and WITNESSES – ATTORNEYS AS WITNESSES below ......................................................................................................................... 150 I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.................................................................................................... 151 1. ACCESS TO COUNSEL .................................................................................................................................. 151 2. ACCUSATION/INDICTMENT, REDACTION OF ........................................................................................ 151 3. ACQUITTAL ON SOME CHARGES.............................................................................................................. 152 4. ADVICE ON COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES OF PLEA, See also subheadings ADVICE ON IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES and PLEA DEAL, FAILURE TO NEGOTIATE/ADVISE, both below ...... 153 5. ADVICE ON IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES ........................................................................................ 157 6. ADVICE ON SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION ......................................................................................... 161 7. ALIBI, NOTICE OF DEFENSE ....................................................................................................................... 161 8. APPELLATE COUNSEL, EFFECTIVENESS OF .......................................................................................... 161 9. ARRAIGNMENT, WAIVER............................................................................................................................ 164 10. AT TRIAL, GENERALLY, See also subheading THEORY OF DEFENSE, below ................................... 164 11. ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE, VIOLATION OF .............................................................................. 166 12. BIFURCATION, FAILURE TO SEEK........................................................................................................ 166 13. BOLSTERING WITNESS CREDIBILITY, FAILURE TO OBJECT, See also subheading EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT, FAILURE TO OBJECT, below .................................................................................... 166 14. BOND CONDITIONS .................................................................................................................................. 168 15. CHARACTER EVIDENCE, FAILURE TO OBJECT ................................................................................. 169 16. CHARACTER EVIDENCE, OPENING DOOR See also subheading DAMAGING EVIDENCE, PRESENTING, below ................................................................................................................................................ 172 17. CLOSING ARGUMENT.............................................................................................................................. 173 18. CLOSING ARGUMENT, FAILURE TO OBJECT, See subheading EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT, FAILURE TO OBJECT, below ................................................................................................................................................... 175 19. CONCEDING GUILT/ADMISSION OF CRIMINAL HISTORY .............................................................. 175 20. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT, FAILURE TO FILE MOTION TO REVEAL ...................................... 177 21. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST ....................................................................................................................... 178 22. CONSTRUCTIVE DENIAL OF COUNSEL, See subheading PRESUMPTION OF INEFFECTIVENESS, below 192 23. CONSULTATION WITH DEFENDANT.................................................................................................... 192 24. CONTINUANCE .......................................................................................................................................... 194 25. CONTINUING WITNESS VIOLATION, FAILURE TO OBJECT............................................................ 196 26. COUNSEL NOT PROPERLY ADMITTED ................................................................................................ 196 27. COURTROOM CLOSING/PUBLIC TRIAL DENIAL, FAILURE TO OBJECT ...................................... 196 28. COURTROOM DEMEANOR...................................................................................................................... 196 29. CREDIBILITY, See subheading BOLSTERING WITNESS CREDIBILITY, FAILURE TO OBJECT, above 197 30. CROSS-EXAMINATION/QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES ................................................................... 197 31. CUMULATIVE EFFECT/CUMULATIVE ERROR ................................................................................... 202 32. DAMAGING EVIDENCE, PRESENTING See also subheading CHARACTER EVIDENCE, OPENING DOOR, above ............................................................................................................................................................. 203 33. DEFENDANT UNCOOPERATIVE ............................................................................................................ 211 34. DEFENDANT’S CUSTODIAL STATEMENT, FAILURE TO OBJECT .................................................. 211 35. DEFENDANT’S PRESENCE, WAIVER .................................................................................................... 213 36. DEFENDANT’S TESTIMONY/SILENCE.................................................................................................. 214 37. DEMURRER, FILING/FAILURE TO FILE................................................................................................ 219 38. DENIAL OF COUNSEL .............................................................................................................................. 222 39. DIRECTED VERDICT, FAILURE TO SEEK............................................................................................. 223 40. DISCOVERY................................................................................................................................................ 223 41. ETHICAL VIOLATION............................................................................................................................... 225

42. EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT, FAILURE TO OBJECT, See also subheadings BOLSTERING WITNESS CREDIBILITY, FAILURE TO OBJECT, and CHARACTER EVIDENCE, FAILURE TO OBJECT, above; and SIMILAR TRANSACTIONS/PRIOR DIFFICULTIES EVIDENCE, FAILURE TO OBJECT; WITNESSES, FAILURE TO IMPEACH; and WITNESSES/ SECURE WITNESSES/PRESENT EVIDENCE/SECURE EVIDENCE/FAILURE TO PRESENT, below ......................................................................................................... 226 43. EVIDENCE, FAILURE TO PRESENT See subheadings WITNESSES, FAILURE TO IMPEACH and WITNESSES/ SECURE WITNESSES/PRESENT EVIDENCE/SECURE EVIDENCE/FAILURE TO PRESENT, below 252 44. EXPERT WITNESS, FAILURE TO HIRE/SEEK FUNDS ......................................................................... 252 45. EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION ISSUES............................................................................................... 260 46. FAILURE TO APPOINT COUNSEL See subheading DENIAL OF COUNSEL, above ............................ 260 47. FELONY STATUS, FAILURE TO STIPULATE........................................................................................ 260 48. GENERALLY............................................................................................................................................... 260 49. GUILTY PLEAS, GENERALLY, See also subheading ADVICE ON COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES OF PLEA, above ........................................................................................................................................................ 262 50. IMMIGRATION See subheading ADVICE ON IMMIGRATION CONSEQUENCES, above .................. 267 51. IMMUNITY, FAILURE TO FILE MOTION .............................................................................................. 267 52. IMPEACH WITNESSES, FAILURE TO, See subheading WITNESSES, FAILURE TO IMPEACH, below 267 53. IMPROPER JURY CONTACT, FAILURE TO OBJECT ........................................................................... 267 54. INDICTMENT, WAIVER ............................................................................................................................ 268 55. INEXPERIENCED COUNSEL .................................................................................................................... 268 56. INSANITY/MENTAL ILLNESS/MENTAL RETARDATION DEFENSE, FAILURE TO PRESENT .... 269 57. INTERPRETERS .......................................................................................................................................... 277 58. JACKSON-DENNO HEARING, FAILURE TO SEEK .............................................................................. 279 59. JURORS, SEQUESTRATION ..................................................................................................................... 280 60. JURY CHARGES – REQUESTING/FAILURE TO REQUEST/FAILURE TO OBJECT ......................... 280 61. JURY DELIBERATIONS – RE-HEARING EVIDENCE ........................................................................... 290 62. JURY MISCONDUCT, FAILURE TO OBJECT......................................................................................... 291 63. JURY OATHS .............................................................................................................................................. 292 64. JURY POLLING, see subheading POLLING JURY, below ........................................................................ 292 65. JURY SELECTION ...................................................................................................................................... 292 66. JURY TRIAL, WAIVER .............................................................................................................................. 297 67. LEADING QUESTIONS, FAILURE TO OBJECT See subheading EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT, FAILURE TO OBJECT, above ................................................................................................................................................... 298 68. MENTAL EVALUATION/CLAIM OF INCOMPETENCE/INSANITY, FAILURE TO OBTAIN, see subheading INSANITY/MENTAL ILLNESS/MENTAL RETARDATION DEFENSE, FAILURE TO PRESENT, above 298 69. MISTRIAL, FAILURE TO SEEK................................................................................................................ 298 70. MITIGATION EVIDENCE AT SENTENCING, FAILURE TO PRESENT, See also subheading SENTENCING, below ............................................................................................................................................... 298 71. MOTION TO QUASH INDICTMENT/ACCUSATION, FAILURE TO FILE See subheading DEMURRER, FILING/FAILURE TO FILE, above ................................................................................................. 300 72. MOTION TO SUPPRESS/MOTION IN LIMINE, FAILURE TO FILE..................................................... 300 73. NEW TRIAL, FAILURE TO FILE APPEAL/MOTION ............................................................................. 304 74. NOLLE PROS, FAILURE TO OPPOSE...................................................................................................... 304 75. OPENING STATEMENT............................................................................................................................. 304 76. PLEA DEAL, FAILURE TO NEGOTIATE/ADVISE................................................................................. 307 77. POLLING JURY........................................................................................................................................... 314 78. POLYGRAPH............................................................................................................................................... 314 79. PREJUDICE.................................................................................................................................................. 315 80. PRELIMINARY HEARING......................................................................................................................... 316 81. PRESUMPTION OF INEFFECTIVENESS See also subheading DENIAL OF COUNSEL , above ........... 316 82. PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION/PREPARATION, See also subheading EXPERT WITNESS, FAILURE TO HIRE/SEEK FUNDS, and other more specific subheadings above and below .................................................. 319 83. PRO SE DEFENDANTS .............................................................................................................................. 327

84. PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................................... 327 85. PSYCHOLOGICAL/PSYCHIATRIC EVALUATION, FAILURE TO OBTAIN, see subheading INSANITY/MENTAL ILLNESS/MENTAL RETARDATION DEFENSE, FAILURE TO PRESENT, above ...... 332 86. RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS .................................................................................................................... 332 87. RECUSAL OF PRESIDING JUDGE, FAILURE TO SEEK ....................................................................... 332 88. RELATIONSHIP WITH DEFENDANT...................................................................................................... 333 89. RESEARCH.................................................................................................................................................. 333 90. RETAINED COUNSEL ............................................................................................................................... 334 91. SENTENCE REVIEW.................................................................................................................................. 334 92. SENTENCING.............................................................................................................................................. 335 93. SEVERANCE, FAILURE TO SEEK ........................................................................................................... 342 94. SHACKLES/PRISON GARB, FAILURE TO OBJECT .............................................................................. 344 95. SIMILAR TRANSACTIONS, FAILURE TO PRESENT EVIDENCE/GIVE NOTICE ............................ 344 96. SIMILAR TRANSACTIONS/PRIOR DIFFICULTIES EVIDENCE, FAILURE TO OBJECT ................. 345 97. SPEEDY TRIAL/SPEEDY POST-CONVICTION RELIEF, FAILURE TO SEEK ................................... 346 98. STANDARD FOR DETERMINING INEFFECTIVENESS........................................................................ 347 99. STIPULATING TO FACTS, See also subheading CONCEDING GUILT/ADMISSION OF CRIMINAL HISTORY , above ....................................................................................................................................................... 348 100. STRATEGIC DECISIONS, GENERALLY ................................................................................................. 349 101. SUPPRESS, FAILURE TO FILE MOTION, See subheading MOTION TO SUPPRESS, FAILURE TO FILE above ................................................................................................................................................................. 353 102. THEORY OF DEFENSE .............................................................................................................................. 353 103. TRIAL PREPARATION, See subheading PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION/PREPARATION, above ...... 361 104. VENUE, FAILURE TO CHALLENGE PROOF ......................................................................................... 361 105. VENUE, FAILURE TO SEEK CHANGE.................................................................................................... 361 106. VOIR DIRE – See subheading JURY SELECTION, above ......................................................................... 361 107. WITNESS CREDIBILITY, See subheading BOLSTERING WITNESS CREDIBILITY, FAILURE TO OBJECT, above .......................................................................................................................................................... 361 108. WITNESSES, CROSS-EXAMINATION/QUESTIONING, See subheadings CROSS EXAMINATION/QUESTIONING OF WITNESSES and WITNESSES, FAILURE TO IMPEACH, below ......... 361 109. WITNESSES, FAILURE TO IMPEACH..................................................................................................... 361 110. WITNESSES, FAILURE TO INTERVIEW/INVESTIGATE See also subheading WITNESSES, FAILURE TO IMPEACH, above ................................................................................................................................................ 367 111. WITNESSES/ SECURE WITNESSES/PRESENT EVIDENCE/SECURE EVIDENCE/FAILURE TO PRESENT, See also subheadings DAMAGING EVIDENCE, PRESENTING, and SENTENCING , above .......... 372 112. WITNESSES, SEQUESTRATION .............................................................................................................. 389 J. LEAVE OF ABSENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 390 K. OPENING STATEMENT See also related sub-headings under subheading CLOSING ARGUMENT, above .. 391 L. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT/DISQUALIFICATION See also subheading CLOSING ARGUMENT, above ............................................................................................................................................................................... 395 M. RIGHT TO COUNSEL See also subheading APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL, above ...................................... 402 1. AT ARRAIGNMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 402 2. AT LINE-UP ..................................................................................................................................................... 402 3. AT PLEA ENTRY/SENTENCING See also SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED SENTENCE – PRIOR CONVICTIONS, below ............................................................................................................................................. 402 4. AT SEARCH WARRANT EXECUTION ........................................................................................................ 403 5. CIVIL CONTEMPT .......................................................................................................................................... 404 6. CONTINUANCE TO HIRE COUNSEL .......................................................................................................... 404 7. COUNSEL OF CHOICE See also subheading APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL – APPOINTED COUNSEL OF CHOICE, above ................................................................................................................................................... 406 8. CUSTODIAL STATEMENTS See EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS BY DEFENDANT – RIGHT TO COUNSEL AT CUSTODIAL STATEMENTS , below ............................................................................................. 408 9. EFFECT OF DENIAL....................................................................................................................................... 408 10. INVESTIGATORS, EXPERTS, ETC. See PROCEDURE – EXPERTS, MOTION FOR FUNDS TO HIRE, below 409 11. GENERALLY............................................................................................................................................... 409

12. MUNICIPAL COURTS ................................................................................................................................ 411 13. WAIVER OF AT TRIAL See also subheadings under SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED SENTENCE, below 411 N. SELF-REPRESENTATION .................................................................................................................................. 426 1. AT TRIAL ......................................................................................................................................................... 426 2. COMPETENCE TO SELF-REPRESENT ........................................................................................................ 432 3. ON APPEAL/POST-CONVICTION ................................................................................................................ 433 O. STATEMENT IN PLACE See EVIDENCE – STATEMENT IN PLACE BY ATTORNEY, below .................. 434 P. UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW See OFFENSES – ATTORNEYS – UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW, below ............................................................................................................................................................. 434 Q. WITHDRAWAL See also subheading APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL – DISCHARGE OF APPOINTED COUNSEL, above .......................................................................................................................................................... 434 III. BONDS .................................................................................................................................................................. 435 A. APPEAL BONDS See POST-CONVICTION RELIEF – APPEALS BOND/INCARCERATION/ LOCATION, below ............................................................................................................................................................................... 435 B. CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 435 C. DENIAL OF BOND .............................................................................................................................................. 437 D. EXCESSIVE BAIL................................................................................................................................................ 438 E. FORFEITURE/DISCHARGE ............................................................................................................................... 439 F. REVOCATION AND MODIFICATION.............................................................................................................. 443 G. RIGHT TO BOND WHERE NO INDICTMENT AFTER 90 DAYS .................................................................. 445 IV. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES............................................................................................................................... 446 A. ACCESS TO THE COURTS................................................................................................................................. 446 B. ASSOCIATION..................................................................................................................................................... 447 C. BURDEN OF PROOF ........................................................................................................................................... 447 D. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL See subheading DOUBLE JEOPARDY – COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL , below ... 447 E. COMPULSORY PROCESS .................................................................................................................................. 447 F. CONFRONTATION See also EVIDENCE - CO-DEFENDANT STATEMENTS; EVIDENCE – HEARSAY – NECESSITY EXCEPTION; and WITNESSES -TESTIMONY, below ....................................................................... 448 1. BUSINESS RECORDS..................................................................................................................................... 448 2. CHILD HEARSAY ........................................................................................................................................... 451 3. CO-CONSPIRATORS ...................................................................................................................................... 453 4. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS ................................................................................................................... 453 5. DEFENDANT’S STATEMENTS..................................................................................................................... 454 6. EXPERT WITNESSES See also subheading BUSINESS RECORDS, above ................................................. 454 7. FORFEITURE BY WRONGDOING................................................................................................................ 457 8. HARMLESS ERROR........................................................................................................................................ 459 9. HEARINGS OTHER THAN TRIAL................................................................................................................ 460 10. IMPEACHMENT; DEAL WITH STATE See WITNESSES – IMPEACHMENT – DEAL WITH STATE/POTENTIAL SENTENCE , below ............................................................................................................... 461 11. JURY EXPERIMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 461 12. LIMITED CROSS-EXAMINATION ........................................................................................................... 462 13. PHYSICAL CONFRONTATION ................................................................................................................ 464 14. PURPOSE OF EVIDENCE .......................................................................................................................... 466 15. STATEMENTS FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT........................................................ 466 16. TESTIMONIAL STATEMENTS See subheading UNAVAILABLE WITNESS/ CRAWFORD , below ..... 467 17. UNAVAILABLE WITNESS/ CRAWFORD ................................................................................................. 467 18. WITNESS INVOKES FIFTH AMENDMENT/REFUSES TO TESTIFY................................................... 485 G. COUNSEL, RIGHT TO See ATTORNEYS – RIGHT TO COUNSEL, above .................................................... 488 H. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT/EXCESSIVE FINES See also SENTENCING – DEATH PENALTY – CONSTITUTIONALITY, below ................................................................................................................................ 488 I. DOUBLE JEOPARDY.......................................................................................................................................... 499 1. ADMINISTRATIVE/OTHER PENALTIES/CONSEQUENCES.................................................................... 499 2. BROKEN PLEA DEAL .................................................................................................................................... 501 3. CASH BOND PAYMENT................................................................................................................................ 501 4. CIVIL COMMITMENT.................................................................................................................................... 502

5. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL............................................................................................................................. 502 6. FACTUALLY RELATED CHARGES, SUCCESSIVE PROSECUTIONS .................................................... 507 7. JEOPARDY, WHEN ATTACHED .................................................................................................................. 520 8. MISTRIAL – OTHER ....................................................................................................................................... 522 9. MISTRIAL – PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT ........................................................................................ 530 10. MULTIPLE COUNTS, SAME PROSECUTION......................................................................................... 534 11. PLEADING................................................................................................................................................... 536 12. PROBATION REVOCATION See also PROBATION – MODIFICATION OF PROBATION, below .... 536 13. PROSECUTIONS BY TWO STATES......................................................................................................... 536 14. QUASHED ACCUSATION/INDICTMENT ............................................................................................... 536 15. RETRIAL AFTER APPEAL/MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL........................................................................ 537 16. RETRIAL AFTER DIRECTED VERDICT ................................................................................................. 539 17. RETRIAL AFTER HUNG JURY................................................................................................................. 541 18. RETRIAL AFTER NOLLE PROSSED........................................................................................................ 544 19. SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED/RECIDIVIST....................................................................................... 545 20. SENTENCING – OTHER ............................................................................................................................ 545 21. STATE/FEDERAL PROSECUTIONS......................................................................................................... 547 22. STATE/MUNICIPAL PROSECUTIONS .................................................................................................... 549 23. SUPERIOR/JUVENILE PROCEEDINGS ................................................................................................... 551 J. DUE PROCESS See also subheading VAGUENESS, below; and EVIDENCE – EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE – DESTRUCTION and SPEEDY TRIAL – CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT, both below .............................................. 551 K. EQUAL PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................ 563 L. EX POST FACTO ................................................................................................................................................. 571 M. FORM/TIMING OF CHALLENGE...................................................................................................................... 577 N. FREE SPEECH/EXPRESSION............................................................................................................................. 578 O. JURY TRIAL See also SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED SENTENCE – GENERALLY, below ................... 582 P. JURY TRIAL, WAIVER OF................................................................................................................................. 583 Q. OVERBROAD....................................................................................................................................................... 590 R. PRESENCE ........................................................................................................................................................... 591 1. DEFENDANT ABSENT................................................................................................................................... 591 2. DEFENDANT DISRUPTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 608 3. INTERPRETER................................................................................................................................................. 609 S. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE...................................................................................................................... 609 T. PRIVACY See also SEARCH AND SEIZURE – EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY, below ................................. 610 U. PUBLIC TRIAL..................................................................................................................................................... 612 V. SELF-INCRIMINATION See subheading SILENCE/TESTIMONY BY DEFENDANT; and EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS OF DEFENDANT, below .................................................................................................................... 616 W. SEPARATION OF POWERS ........................................................................................................................... 616 X. SILENCE/TESTIMONY BY DEFENDANT See also EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS BY DEFENDANT, below 617 1. COMMENTARY ON DEFENDANT’S SILENCE.......................................................................................... 617 2. INVOCATION OF RIGHT TO SILENCE ....................................................................................................... 629 3. RIGHT TO COUNSEL See EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS BY DEFENDANT, below ................................. 636 4. RIGHT TO TESTIFY/ WAIVER...................................................................................................................... 636 5. SELF INCRIMINATION/ NON-VERBAL...................................................................................................... 639 6. WHEN APPLICABLE ...................................................................................................................................... 642 Y. STANDING ........................................................................................................................................................... 645 Z. STRUCTURAL ERROR ....................................................................................................................................... 646 AA. TAKINGS.......................................................................................................................................................... 649 BB. VAGUENESS ................................................................................................................................................... 650 CC. VENUE.............................................................................................................................................................. 658 V. CONTEMPT .............................................................................................................................................................. 658 VI. DEFENSES See also related subsections under JURIES AND JURORS – CHARGE, below ............................ 667 A. ABANDONMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 667 B. ABUSIVE LANGUAGE See subheading PROVOCATION, below .................................................................... 668 C. ACCIDENT ........................................................................................................................................................... 668