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17. IMPEDING FLOW OF TRAFFIC ............................................................................................................. 2236 18. IMPROPER BACKING.............................................................................................................................. 2237 19. IMPROPER LANE CHANGE/TURN........................................................................................................ 2238 20. IMPROPER PASSING ............................................................................................................................... 2240 21. IMPROPERLY PASSING AN EMERGENCY VEHICLE ....................................................................... 2240 22. IMPROPER STOPPING............................................................................................................................. 2240 23. LAYING DRAGS ....................................................................................................................................... 2241 24. LEAVING THE SCENE OF AN ACCIDENT/ HIT AND RUN............................................................... 2241 25. MOTORCYCLE HELMET VIOLATION ................................................................................................. 2242 26. MOVE-OVER VIOLATION...................................................................................................................... 2242 27. NOISE VIOLATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 2242 28. OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORIZED PERSONS DIRECTING TRAFFIC................................................... 2242 29. POSSESSION OF OPEN CONTAINER.................................................................................................... 2243 30. RECKLESS DRIVING............................................................................................................................... 2243 31. SEAT BELTS/CHILD RESTRAINTS ....................................................................................................... 2247 32. SERIOUS INJURY BY VEHICLE ............................................................................................................ 2247 33. SPEEDING ................................................................................................................................................. 2248 34. VEHICULAR HOMICIDE (SERIOUS BODILY INJURY BY VEHICLE)............................................. 2251 XII. PLEAS ................................................................................................................................................................. 2256 A. ALFORD ............................................................................................................................................................. 2256 B. COMPETENCY .................................................................................................................................................. 2257 C. FIRST OFFENDER See SENTENCING – FIRST OFFENDER, below ............................................................ 2265 D. GUILTY PLEA See also subheading VOLUNTARINESS, below ..................................................................... 2265 1. APPEAL FROM.............................................................................................................................................. 2265 2. FACTUAL BASIS .......................................................................................................................................... 2266 3. GENERALLY ................................................................................................................................................. 2269 4. MASS PLEA HEARING ................................................................................................................................ 2270 5. WAIVER OF DEFENSES/PROCEDURE...................................................................................................... 2272 E. GUILTY BUT MENTALLY RETARDED ........................................................................................................ 2274 F. INSANITY/MENTAL ILLNESS See also SENTENCING – INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT , below ...... 2274 G. MASS ARRAIGNMENTS See subheading GUILTY PLEA – MASS PLEA HEARING, above ..................... 2283 H. NOLO CONTENDERE....................................................................................................................................... 2283 I. PLEA AGREEMENTS See SENTENCING – SENTENCE RECOMMENDATION/AGREEMENT WITH STATE, below .............................................................................................................................................................. 2284 J. STANDING SILENT/REFUSING TO PLEAD.................................................................................................. 2284 K. VOLUNTARINESS See also subheading GUILTY PLEA, above, and SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED SENTENCE – PRIOR CONVICTIONS, below .......................................................................................................... 2284 L. WITHDRAWAL See POST-CONVICTION RELIEF – PLEAS, WITHDRAWAL OF, below ........................ 2299 XIII. POST-CONVICTION RELIEF/APPEALS......................................................................................................... 2299 A. APPEAL/MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL, BY FUGITIVE DEFENDANT .......................................................... 2299 B. APPEAL, BY STATE ......................................................................................................................................... 2300 C. APPEAL, DISCRETIONARY ............................................................................................................................ 2306 D. APPEAL, INTERLOCUTORY See also SPEEDY TRIAL, below ................................................................... 2307 E. APPEAL, JURISDICTION OF TRIAL COURT DURING PENDENCY See JURISDICTION – APPEAL, PENDENCY OF, above ............................................................................................................................................... 2309 F. APPEAL, NOTICE OF........................................................................................................................................ 2309 G. APPEAL, RECORD/TRANSCRIPT See also ATTORNEYS – APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL– APPEALS/POST-CONVICTION RELIEF, and ATTORNEYS – APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL – FINDING OF INDIGENCE, above ..................................................................................................................................................... 2311 H. APPEALS, OUT OF TIME ................................................................................................................................. 2317 I. APPEALS BOND/INCARCERATION/LOCATION......................................................................................... 2327 J. ARREST OF JUDGMENT.................................................................................................................................. 2329 K. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL See CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES – DOUBLE JEOPARDY – COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL, above, and PROCEDURE – RES JUDICATA, below ........................................................................... 2331 L. COUNSEL, APPOINTMENT OF See ATTORNEYS – APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL – APPEALS/POST- CONVICTION RELIEF, above ................................................................................................................................... 2331