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12. MUNICIPAL COURTS ................................................................................................................................ 411 13. WAIVER OF AT TRIAL See also subheadings under SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED SENTENCE, below 411 N. SELF-REPRESENTATION .................................................................................................................................. 426 1. AT TRIAL ......................................................................................................................................................... 426 2. COMPETENCE TO SELF-REPRESENT ........................................................................................................ 432 3. ON APPEAL/POST-CONVICTION ................................................................................................................ 433 O. STATEMENT IN PLACE See EVIDENCE – STATEMENT IN PLACE BY ATTORNEY, below .................. 434 P. UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW See OFFENSES – ATTORNEYS – UNAUTHORIZED PRACTICE OF LAW, below ............................................................................................................................................................. 434 Q. WITHDRAWAL See also subheading APPOINTMENT OF COUNSEL – DISCHARGE OF APPOINTED COUNSEL, above .......................................................................................................................................................... 434 III. BONDS .................................................................................................................................................................. 435 A. APPEAL BONDS See POST-CONVICTION RELIEF – APPEALS BOND/INCARCERATION/ LOCATION, below ............................................................................................................................................................................... 435 B. CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 435 C. DENIAL OF BOND .............................................................................................................................................. 437 D. EXCESSIVE BAIL................................................................................................................................................ 438 E. FORFEITURE/DISCHARGE ............................................................................................................................... 439 F. REVOCATION AND MODIFICATION.............................................................................................................. 443 G. RIGHT TO BOND WHERE NO INDICTMENT AFTER 90 DAYS .................................................................. 445 IV. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES............................................................................................................................... 446 A. ACCESS TO THE COURTS................................................................................................................................. 446 B. ASSOCIATION..................................................................................................................................................... 447 C. BURDEN OF PROOF ........................................................................................................................................... 447 D. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL See subheading DOUBLE JEOPARDY – COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL , below ... 447 E. COMPULSORY PROCESS .................................................................................................................................. 447 F. CONFRONTATION See also EVIDENCE - CO-DEFENDANT STATEMENTS; EVIDENCE – HEARSAY – NECESSITY EXCEPTION; and WITNESSES -TESTIMONY, below ....................................................................... 448 1. BUSINESS RECORDS..................................................................................................................................... 448 2. CHILD HEARSAY ........................................................................................................................................... 451 3. CO-CONSPIRATORS ...................................................................................................................................... 453 4. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANTS ................................................................................................................... 453 5. DEFENDANT’S STATEMENTS..................................................................................................................... 454 6. EXPERT WITNESSES See also subheading BUSINESS RECORDS, above ................................................. 454 7. FORFEITURE BY WRONGDOING................................................................................................................ 457 8. HARMLESS ERROR........................................................................................................................................ 459 9. HEARINGS OTHER THAN TRIAL................................................................................................................ 460 10. IMPEACHMENT; DEAL WITH STATE See WITNESSES – IMPEACHMENT – DEAL WITH STATE/POTENTIAL SENTENCE , below ............................................................................................................... 461 11. JURY EXPERIMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 461 12. LIMITED CROSS-EXAMINATION ........................................................................................................... 462 13. PHYSICAL CONFRONTATION ................................................................................................................ 464 14. PURPOSE OF EVIDENCE .......................................................................................................................... 466 15. STATEMENTS FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT........................................................ 466 16. TESTIMONIAL STATEMENTS See subheading UNAVAILABLE WITNESS/ CRAWFORD , below ..... 467 17. UNAVAILABLE WITNESS/ CRAWFORD ................................................................................................. 467 18. WITNESS INVOKES FIFTH AMENDMENT/REFUSES TO TESTIFY................................................... 485 G. COUNSEL, RIGHT TO See ATTORNEYS – RIGHT TO COUNSEL, above .................................................... 488 H. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT/EXCESSIVE FINES See also SENTENCING – DEATH PENALTY – CONSTITUTIONALITY, below ................................................................................................................................ 488 I. DOUBLE JEOPARDY.......................................................................................................................................... 499 1. ADMINISTRATIVE/OTHER PENALTIES/CONSEQUENCES.................................................................... 499 2. BROKEN PLEA DEAL .................................................................................................................................... 501 3. CASH BOND PAYMENT................................................................................................................................ 501 4. CIVIL COMMITMENT.................................................................................................................................... 502