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5. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL............................................................................................................................. 502 6. FACTUALLY RELATED CHARGES, SUCCESSIVE PROSECUTIONS .................................................... 507 7. JEOPARDY, WHEN ATTACHED .................................................................................................................. 520 8. MISTRIAL – OTHER ....................................................................................................................................... 522 9. MISTRIAL – PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT ........................................................................................ 530 10. MULTIPLE COUNTS, SAME PROSECUTION......................................................................................... 534 11. PLEADING................................................................................................................................................... 536 12. PROBATION REVOCATION See also PROBATION – MODIFICATION OF PROBATION, below .... 536 13. PROSECUTIONS BY TWO STATES......................................................................................................... 536 14. QUASHED ACCUSATION/INDICTMENT ............................................................................................... 536 15. RETRIAL AFTER APPEAL/MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL........................................................................ 537 16. RETRIAL AFTER DIRECTED VERDICT ................................................................................................. 539 17. RETRIAL AFTER HUNG JURY................................................................................................................. 541 18. RETRIAL AFTER NOLLE PROSSED........................................................................................................ 544 19. SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED/RECIDIVIST....................................................................................... 545 20. SENTENCING – OTHER ............................................................................................................................ 545 21. STATE/FEDERAL PROSECUTIONS......................................................................................................... 547 22. STATE/MUNICIPAL PROSECUTIONS .................................................................................................... 549 23. SUPERIOR/JUVENILE PROCEEDINGS ................................................................................................... 551 J. DUE PROCESS See also subheading VAGUENESS, below; and EVIDENCE – EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE – DESTRUCTION and SPEEDY TRIAL – CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT, both below .............................................. 551 K. EQUAL PROTECTION ........................................................................................................................................ 563 L. EX POST FACTO ................................................................................................................................................. 571 M. FORM/TIMING OF CHALLENGE...................................................................................................................... 577 N. FREE SPEECH/EXPRESSION............................................................................................................................. 578 O. JURY TRIAL See also SENTENCING – AGGRAVATED SENTENCE – GENERALLY, below ................... 582 P. JURY TRIAL, WAIVER OF................................................................................................................................. 583 Q. OVERBROAD....................................................................................................................................................... 590 R. PRESENCE ........................................................................................................................................................... 591 1. DEFENDANT ABSENT................................................................................................................................... 591 2. DEFENDANT DISRUPTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 608 3. INTERPRETER................................................................................................................................................. 609 S. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE...................................................................................................................... 609 T. PRIVACY See also SEARCH AND SEIZURE – EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY, below ................................. 610 U. PUBLIC TRIAL..................................................................................................................................................... 612 V. SELF-INCRIMINATION See subheading SILENCE/TESTIMONY BY DEFENDANT; and EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS OF DEFENDANT, below .................................................................................................................... 616 W. SEPARATION OF POWERS ........................................................................................................................... 616 X. SILENCE/TESTIMONY BY DEFENDANT See also EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS BY DEFENDANT, below 617 1. COMMENTARY ON DEFENDANT’S SILENCE.......................................................................................... 617 2. INVOCATION OF RIGHT TO SILENCE ....................................................................................................... 629 3. RIGHT TO COUNSEL See EVIDENCE – STATEMENTS BY DEFENDANT, below ................................. 636 4. RIGHT TO TESTIFY/ WAIVER...................................................................................................................... 636 5. SELF INCRIMINATION/ NON-VERBAL...................................................................................................... 639 6. WHEN APPLICABLE ...................................................................................................................................... 642 Y. STANDING ........................................................................................................................................................... 645 Z. STRUCTURAL ERROR ....................................................................................................................................... 646 AA. TAKINGS.......................................................................................................................................................... 649 BB. VAGUENESS ................................................................................................................................................... 650 CC. VENUE.............................................................................................................................................................. 658 V. CONTEMPT .............................................................................................................................................................. 658 VI. DEFENSES See also related subsections under JURIES AND JURORS – CHARGE, below ............................ 667 A. ABANDONMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 667 B. ABUSIVE LANGUAGE See subheading PROVOCATION, below .................................................................... 668 C. ACCIDENT ........................................................................................................................................................... 668

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