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44. VOLUNTARINESS – ILLITERACY, LOW INTELLIGENCE, OR MENTAL ILLNESS...................... 1435 45. VOLUNTARINESS – NON-CUSTODIAL STATEMENTS .................................................................... 1437 46. VOLUNTARINESS – POLICE TRICKERY/DECEPTION...................................................................... 1438 47. VOLUNTARINESS – PUBLIC EMPLOYEES AS DEFENDANTS ........................................................ 1440 48. VOLUNTARINESS – STATEMENT GIVEN BEFORE/AFTER POLYGRAPH.................................... 1442 49. VOLUNTARINESS – STATEMENT GIVEN PRIOR TO MIRANDA WARNING/ “TWO-STAGE” STATEMENT .......................................................................................................................................................... 1442 VVVVV. STIPULATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 1445 WWWWW. SUBPOENAS See PROCEDURE – SUBPOENAS, below ............................................................... 1446 XXXXX. SUBSTANCES, IDENTIFICATION OF ............................................................................................... 1446 YYYYY. SUFFICIENCY....................................................................................................................................... 1450 ZZZZZ. SUICIDE, ATTEMPTED ........................................................................................................................... 1454 AAAAAA. SUMMARY OF VOLUMINOUS EVIDENCE................................................................................. 1455 BBBBBB. TATTOOS .............................................................................................................................................. 1455 CCCCCC. TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS/WIRETAPS .................................................................................. 1456 DDDDDD. TELEPHONES................................................................................................................................... 1458 EEEEEE. VALUE See also SENTENCING – RESTITUTION – VALUE, below ................................................ 1458 FFFFFF. VICTIM IMPACT EVIDENCE ............................................................................................................. 1464 GGGGGG. VIDEO RECORDINGS See subheadings FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS - PHOTOGRAPHS, RECORDINGS & VIDEOTAPES, and PHOTOGRAPHS, RECORDINGS AND VIDEOTAPES, both above ....... 1466 HHHHHH. VIENNA CONVENTION.................................................................................................................. 1466 IIIIII. VOICE IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................ 1468 JJJJJJ. VOLUMINOUS DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................................ 1469 KKKKKK. WEAPONS......................................................................................................................................... 1469 LLLLLL. WEB PAGES See subheading FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS – INTERNET PAGES, above ..... 1469 MMMMMM. WITNESS TAMPERING .............................................................................................................. 1469 IX. JURIES AND JURORS ....................................................................................................................................... 1472 A. ACCUSATION/INDICTMENT, SHOWING OTHER CHARGES/ DEFENDANTS ....................................... 1472 B. ALTERNATES.................................................................................................................................................... 1473 C. ARRAY/GRAND JURY, DISCRIMINATION AGAINST COGNIZABLE GROUPS .................................... 1473 D. ARRAY, PREJUDICE CAUSED DURING PROCESS..................................................................................... 1482 E. BATSON/J.E.B./McCOLLUM............................................................................................................................ 1485 1. APPLICATION TO STRIKES FOR CAUSE................................................................................................. 1485 2. DISPARATE TREATMENT OF SIMILARLY SITUATED JURORS ......................................................... 1485 3. FINDING OF/WEIGHING OF PRIMA FACIE CASE OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ATTORNEY’S EXPLANATION...................................................................................................................................................... 1488 4. MISCELLANEOUS REASONS FOR STRIKES........................................................................................... 1490 5. PRETEXTUAL REASONS FOR STRIKE See subheading FINDING OF/WEIGHING OF PRIMA FACIE CASE OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST ATTORNEY’S EXPLANATION, above .......................................... 1491 6. PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................................. 1491 7. STRIKES BASED ON AGE........................................................................................................................... 1496 8. STRIKES BASED ON DEFERRING TO DEFENDANT.............................................................................. 1497 9. STRIKES BASED ON DEMEANOR OF JUROR (PHYSICAL DEMEANOR) .......................................... 1497 10. STRIKES BASED ON EDUCATION LEVEL/INTELLIGENCE ............................................................ 1501 11. STRIKES BASED ON ERRONEOUS INFORMATION/ INFORMATION NOT IN RECORD ............ 1502 12. STRIKES BASED ON FAILING TO ANSWER QUESTIONS TRUTHFULLY .................................... 1502 13. STRIKES BASED ON JUROR DISABILITY........................................................................................... 1503 14. STRIKES BASED ON JUROR HARDSHIP ............................................................................................. 1503 15. STRIKES BASED ON MARITAL STATUS/FAMILY STATUS ............................................................ 1504 16. STRIKES BASED ON NATIONAL/GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN ........................................................... 1505 17. STRIKES BASED ON OCCUPATION, PROFESSION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS ............................. 1505 18. STRIKES BASED ON PERSONAL OR FAMILY CRIMINAL HISTORY OR PRESENT CRIMINAL ISSUES .................................................................................................................................................................... 1508 19. STRIKES BASED ON PHYSICAL APPEARANCE ................................................................................ 1511 20. STRIKES BASED ON POLITICAL, MORAL, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS/ATTITUDES ........................... 1512